Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Science Communication
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Jensen, R. E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Using Science to Argue for Sexual Education in U.S. Public Schools

Dr. Ella Flagg Young and the 1913 "Chicago Experiment"

Robin E. Jensen

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

During the Progressive Era, Dr. Ella Flagg Young instituted the first sexual education program in U.S. public schools. She garnered support for her "Chicago Experiment" by integrating scientific appeals about sexual education into popular discourses on modern research methods, education, and physical health. Although Young lived in an era when respect for science was at an all-time high, she created arguments for public sexual education that balanced scientific information about sex with audiences' ideological/moral concerns. This rhetorical history builds from critical rhetorical theory to offer implications for contemporary health advocates attempting to steer sexual education policy in new directions.

Key Words: Ella Flagg Young • Progressive Era • rhetorical history • sexual education

References

  • American Social Hygiene Association. (1908 a). A review of the first year's work of the Chicago Society of Social Hygiene. American Social Hygiene Association Papers. Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota. Box 4, Folder 1.
  • American Social Hygiene Association. (1908 b). Sexual hygiene: A circular of information for young men. American Social Hygiene Association Papers. Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota. Box 4, Folder 1.
  • Attack on eugenics for high schools: Three members of board oppose lecture course proposed by Mrs. Young. (1913, June 26). Chicago Tribune, p. 8.
  • Beisel, N. (1997). Imperiled innocents: Anthony Comstock and family reproduction in Victorian America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Bigelow, M.A. (1929). Sex-education: A series of lectures concerning knowledge of sex in its relation to human life. New York: Macmillan.
  • Blount, R.E. (1912). Several aspects of the teaching of sex physiology and hygiene. In The child in the city: A series of papers presented at the conference held during the Chicago Child Welfare Exhibit (pp. 135-140). Chicago: Manz Engraving Co.
  • Board ousts Ella F. Young, John D. Sloop heads schools. (1913, December 11). Chicago Tribune, p. 1.
  • Boehm, L.K. (2004). Popular culture and the enduring myth of Chicago, 1871-1968. New York: Routledge.
  • Brandt, A.M. (1985). No magic bullet: A social history of venereal disease in the United States since 1880. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Brückner, H., & Bearman, P. (2005). After the promise: The STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36, 271-278.
  • Burke, K. (1969). A rhetoric of motives. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Bush, A.J., & Boller, G.W. (1991). Rethinking the role of television advertising during health crises: A rhetorical analysis of the federal AIDS campaigns. Journal of Advertising, 20, 28-37.[Web of Science]
  • Ceccarelli, L. (2001). Shaping science with rhetoric: The cases of Dobzhansky, Schrödinger, and Wilson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Clarke, C.W. (1961). Taboo: The story of the pioneers of social hygiene. Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press.
  • Condit, C.M. (1990). Decoding abortion rhetoric: Communicating social change. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
  • Dailard, C. (2006). Legislating against arousal: The growing divide between federal policy and teenage sexual behavior. Guttmacher Policy Review, 9, 12-16.
  • Dewey, J. (1909). Moral principles in education. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • DiClemente, R.J. (1998). Preventing sexually transmitted infections among adolescents: A clash of ideology and science. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 1574-1575.[CrossRef]
  • Edson, N.W. (1922). Status of sex education in high schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Education.
  • Engs, R.C. (2003). The Progressive Era's health reform movement: A historical dictionary. New York: Praeger.
  • Governor opposes teaching on sex. (1913, December 11). Chicago Tribune, p. 1.
  • Gross, A.G. (1990). The rhetoric of science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Guttmacher Institute. (2001). Facts in brief: Teenagers' sexual and reproductive health. New York: Author.
  • Guttmacher Institute. (2005). Sex education: Needs, programs, and policies. New York: Author.
  • Herrick, M.J. (1971). The Chicago schools: A social and political history. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Horowitz, H.L. (2002). Rereading sex: Battles over sexual knowledge and suppression in nineteenth-century America. New York: Knopf.
  • Irvine, J.M. (2002). Talk about sex: The battles over sex education in the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Jemmott, J.B., Jemmott, L.S., & Fong, G.T. (1998). Abstinence and safer sex HIV risk-reduction interventions for African American adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 1529-1536.[CrossRef]
  • Kaiser Family Foundation. (2000). Sex education in America: A series of national surveys of students, parents, teachers, and principals. Menlo Park, CA: Author.
  • Keene, C.H., & Wright, M.M. (1914). Shall sex be taught in the public schools? Journal of Proceedings and Addresses of the Fifty-Second Annual Meeting of the National Education Association, 57, 695-700.
  • Kennedy, D.M. (1970). Birth control in America: The career of Margaret Sanger. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Lagemann, E.C. (2002). Experimenting with education: John Dewey and Ella Flagg Young at the University of Chicago. In C. H. Seigfried (Ed.), Feminist interpretations of John Dewey (pp. 31-46). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • McGee, M.C. (1990). Text, context and the fragmentation of contemporary culture. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 54, 274-289.
  • McGerr, M. (2003). A fierce discontent: The rise and fall of the progressive movement in America, 1870-1920. New York: Free Press.
  • McKerrow, R.E. (1989). Critical rhetoric: Theory and practice. Communication Monographs, 56, 91-111.[Web of Science]
  • McManis, J.T. (1916). Ella Flagg Young and a half-century of the Chicago Public Schools. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co.
  • Miller, D.L. (1996). City of the century: The epic of Chicago and the making of America. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Moran, J.P. (1996). "Modernism gone mad": Sex education comes to Chicago, 1913. Journal of American History, 83, 481-513.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Moran, J.P. (2000). Teaching sex: The shaping of adolescence in the 20th century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Morrow, P.A. (1904). Social diseases and marriage: Social prophylaxis. New York: Lea Brothers & Co.
  • Murphy, J.M. (2005). To form a more perfect union: Bill Clinton and the art of deliberation. Rhetoric & Public A fairs, 8, 657-678.
  • Pivar, D.J. (2002). Purity and hygiene: Women, prostitution, and the "American Plan," 1900-1930. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
  • Project Reality. (2005). A.C. Green's game plan: Abstinence program. Golf, IL: Author.
  • Recchiuti, J.L. (2006). Civic engagement: Social science and Progressive-Era reform in New York City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Reed, J. (1978). From private vice to public virtue. New York: Basic Books.
  • Reeves, C. (2002). An orthodox heresy: Scientific rhetoric and the science of prions. Science Communication, 24, 98-122.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Sanger, M.H. (1914). What every girl should know. New York: Belvedere.
  • Santelli, J., Ott, M.A., Lyon, M., Rogers, J., Summers, D., & Schleifer, R. (2006). Abstinence and abstinence-only education: A review of U.S. policies and programs. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 72-81.
  • School boards scored as bad for teachers. (1913, July 10). Chicago Tribune, p. 10.
  • Segal, J.Z. (1994). Patient compliance, the rhetoric of rhetoric, and the rhetoric of persuasion. Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 23, 90-102.
  • Segal, J.Z. (2005). Health and the rhetoric of medicine. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
  • Sex education in the schools. (1913, December). Vigilance. p. 5.
  • Sex lectures unmailable. (1913, November 14). New York Times, p. 3.
  • Stead, W.T. (1894). If Christ came to Chicago! A plea for the union of all who love in the service of all who su fer. London: Review of Reviewers.
  • Toulmin, S.E. (1958). The uses of argument. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Young, E.F. (1901). Isolation in the schools. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Young, E.F. (1903). Scientific method in education. Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago First Series, 3, 143-155.
  • Young, E.F. (1906). Ethics in the school. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Young, E.F. (1911a). The present status of education in America. Journal of Proceedings and Addresses of the Forty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the National Education Association, 49, 183-186.
  • Young, E.F. (1911b). Report of the superintendent of schools. In Fifty-seventh annual report of the Board of Education (pp. 85-105). Chicago: The Board of Education.
  • Young, E.F. (1912). Report of the superintendent of schools. In Fifty-eighth annual report of the Board of Education (pp. 97-124). Chicago: The Board of Education.
  • Young, E.F. (1913a). Report of the sex education sessions of the Fourth International Congress on Social Hygiene and the Annual Meeting of the American Federation for Sex Hygiene. American Social Hygiene Association Papers. Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota. Box 2, Folder 3.
  • Young, E.F. (1913b). Report of the superintendent of schools. In Fifty-ninth annual report of the Board of Education (pp. 101-128). Chicago: The Board of Education.

Science Communication, Vol. 29, No. 2, 217-241 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/1075547007309101


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Jensen, R. E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?